ABSTRACT
Abstract Background and objectives: Preoperative fasting may lead to undesirable effects in the surgical patient in whom there is a stimulus to ingesting clear liquids until 2 hours before anesthesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastric emptying of two different solutions using ultrasound. Methods: In a prospective, randomized, blind study, 34 healthy volunteers ingested 200 mL of two solutions without residues in two steps: an isotonic solution with carbohydrates, electrolytes, osmolarity of 292 mOsm.L-1, and 36 kcal; and other nutritional supplementation with carbohydrates, proteins, electrolytes, osmolarity of 680 mO.L-1, and 300 kcal. After 2 hours, a gastric ultrasound was performed to assess the antrum area and gastric volume, and the relation of gastric volume to weight (vol.w-1), whose value above 1.5 mL.kg-1 was considered a risk for bronchoaspiration. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a significant difference between all parameters evaluated 2 hours after the ingestion of nutritional supplementation compared to fasting. The same occurred when the parameters between isotonic solution and nutritional supplementation were compared 2 hours after ingestion. Only one patient had vol.w-1 <1.5 mL.kg-1 2 hours after ingestion of nutritional supplementation; and only one had vol.w-1 >1.5 mL.kg-1 after ingestion of isotonic solution. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that gastric emptying of equal volumes of different solutions depends on their constitution. Those with high caloric and high osmolarity, and with proteins present, 2 hours after ingestion, increased the gastric volumes, which is compatible with the risk of gastric aspiration.
Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O jejum pré-operatório pode levar a efeitos indesejáveis no paciente cirúrgico, em que há um estimulo à ingestão de líquidos sem resíduos até 2 horas antes da anestesia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o esvaziamento gástrico de duas soluções diferentes por meio da ultrassonografia. Métodos: Em um estudo prospectivo, randomizado, cego, 34 voluntários saudáveis ingeriram 200 mL de duas soluções sem resíduos, em duas etapas: uma solução isotônica com carboidratos, eletrólitos, osmolaridade de 292 mOsm.L-1 e 36 kcal; e outra suplementação nutricional, com carboidratos, proteínas, eletrólitos, osmolaridade de 680 mOs.L-1 e 300 kcal. Após 2 horas, fez-se ultrassonografia gástrica com avaliação da área do antro e volume gástrico e relação do volume gástrico sobre o peso (vol.p-1), cujo valor acima de 1,5 mL.kg-1 foi considerado risco para broncoaspiração. Considerou-se p< 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Houve diferença significativa entre todos os parâmetros avaliados 2 horas após a ingestão de suplementação nutricional em relação ao jejum. O mesmo ocorreu quando foram comparados os parâmetros entre solução isotônica e suplementação nutricional 2 horas após a ingestão. Apenas um paciente apresentou vol.p-1< 1,5 mL.kg-1 2 horas após a ingestão de suplementação nutricional; e apenas um apresentou vol.p-1 > 1,5 mL.kg-1, após a ingestão de solução isotônica. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que o esvaziamento gástrico de volumes iguais de diferentes soluções depende de sua constituição. Aqueles com alto valor calórico e alta osmolaridade, e com proteínas presentes, 2 horas após a ingestão, aumentaram os volumes gástricos, compatíveis com o risco de aspiração gástrica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Ultrasonography/methods , Dietary Supplements , Gastric Emptying/physiology , Isotonic Solutions/administration & dosage , Osmolar Concentration , Stomach/diagnostic imaging , Energy Intake/physiology , Carbohydrates/administration & dosage , Proteins/administration & dosage , Prospective Studies , Fasting/psychology , Electrolytes/administration & dosageABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effects of overnight fasting on handgrip strength of adult inpatients. Methods: A prospective clinical study enrolling 221 adult patients. The endpoints were handgrip strength obtained by dynamometry in three time points (morning after an overnight fasting, after breakfast and after lunch) and the cumulative handgrip strength (mean of handgrip strength after breakfast and lunch) in the same day. The mean of three handgrip strength measures was considered to represent each time point. A cut-off for the mean overnight fasting handgrip strength at the 50th percentile (35.5kg for males and 27.7kg for females) was used for comparisons. We registered the age, sex, current and usual weight (kg), weight loss (kg), diagnosis of cancer, nutritional status, elderly frequency, digestive tract symptoms, type of oral diet, and the amount of dinner ingested the night before handgrip strength (zero intake, until 50%, <100% and 100%). Results: Handgrip strength evaluated after an overnight fasting (31.2±8.7kg) was lesser when compared with handgrip strength after breakfast (31.6±8.8kg; p=0.01), and with cumulative handgrip strength (31.7±8.8kg; p<0.001). Handgrip strength was greater in patients who ingested 100% (33.2±9.1kg versus 30.4±8.4kg; p=0.03) and above 50% of dinner (32.1±8.4kg versus 28.6±8.8kg; p=0.006). Multivariate analysis showed that ingesting below 50% of dinner, severe malnutrition, and elderly were independent factors for handgrip strength reduction after overnight fasting. Conclusion: The muscular function was impaired after an overnight fasting of adult patients hospitalized for medical treatment, especially for those with low ingestion, malnourished and elderly.
RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos do jejum noturno na força muscular de pacientes adultos internados. Métodos: Estudo clínico prospectivo realizado com 221 pacientes adultos. Os desfechos observados foram a força de preensão palmar avaliada pela dinamometria em jejum, após o desjejum, após o almoço, e acumulada (média da força de preensão palmar após desjejum e almoço). Foi considerada a média das três medidas da força de preensão palmar para representar cada momento. O ponto de corte para a média da força de preensão palmar em jejum categorizada no percentil 50 (35,5kg para homens, e 27,7kg para mulheres) foi usado para as comparações. Investigaram-se idade, sexo, peso atual e habitual (kg), perda de peso (kg), diagnóstico de câncer, estado nutricional, frequência de idosos, sintomas do trato digestório, tipo de dieta oral e quantidade ingerida no jantar no dia anterior à mensuração da força de preensão palmar (ingestão zero, até 50%, <100 e 100%). Resultados: A força de preensão palmar após o jejum noturno foi menor que a força após o desjejum (31,1±8,7kg versus 31,6±8,8kg; p=0,01) e quando foi considerada a força acumulada (31,7±8,8kg; p<0,001). A força de preensão palmar em jejum foi maior para os pacientes que ingeriram 100% (33,2±9,1kg versus 30,4±8,4kg; p=0,03) e >50% do jantar (32,1±8,4kg versus 28,6±8,8kg; p=0,006). A análise multivariada mostrou que ingerir menos da metade do jantar, desnutrição grave e ser idoso foram fatores independentes para redução da força de preensão palmar em jejum. Conclusão: A função muscular ficou comprometida após jejum noturno em pacientes adultos internados para tratamento clínico, especialmente nos casos de baixa ingestão alimentar, desnutridos e idosos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Fasting/psychology , Hand Strength/physiology , Inpatients , Reference Values , Time Factors , Logistic Models , Nutritional Status , Multivariate Analysis , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Malnutrition/physiopathology , Eating/psychology , Muscle Strength Dynamometer , Meals/physiology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of weight control behaviors (WCBs) and their correlation with body mass index (BMI) and weight-based self-evaluation. Methods: Data were collected by the Brazilian Internet Study on Temperament and Psychopathology (BRAINSTEP) from 27,501 volunteers (30.4% men, mean age 28.9±8.7 years). Results: The most prevalent WCBs for men and women were exhaustive physical exercise and prolonged fasting, respectively. Frequent exhaustive physical exercise was the only behavior more often adopted by men. BMI was positively associated with WCBs, which were very frequent in obese subjects. About 15% of normal-weight women reported using diuretics and laxatives, and 12.2% reported vomiting as a WCB at least occasionally. Among subjects who regarded body weight highly in their self-evaluation, there was a strong positive association with all WCBs, at similar degrees, in both genders. Compared to those who never base their intrinsic personal value on body weight, those who frequently base intrinsic value on body weight were at 25-30 times higher risk of inducing vomiting. Conclusion: The prevalence of participants adopting WCBs was high, especially in women and obese subjects. Weight-based self-evaluation was more strongly associated with WCBs than BMI.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Body Image/psychology , Health Behavior , Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology , Body Mass Index , Diagnostic Self Evaluation , Brazil/epidemiology , Exercise/psychology , Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology , Sex Factors , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Fasting/psychology , Body Weight MaintenanceABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Preoperative fasting was long regarded as an important cause of fluid depletion, leading to hemodynamic instability during surgery should replenishment is not promptly instituted. Lately, this traditional point of view has been progressively challenged, and a growing number of authors now propose a more restrictive approach to fluid management, although doubt remains as to the true hemodynamic influence of preoperative fasting. Methods: We designed an observational, analytic, prospective, longitudinal study in which 31 ASA 1 and ASA 2 volunteers underwent an echocardiographic examination both before and after a fasting period of at least 6 hours (h). Data from both static and dynamic preload indices were obtained on both periods, and subsequently compared. Results: Static preload indices exhibited a markedly variable behaviour with fasting. Dynamic indices, however, were far more consistent with one another, all pointing in the same direction, i.e., evidencing no statistically significant change with the fasting period. We also analysed the reliability of dynamic indices to respond to known, intentional preload changes. Aortic velocity time integral (VTI) variation with the passive leg raise manoeuvre was the only variable that proved to be sensitive enough to consistently signal the presence of preload variation. Conclusion: Fasting does not appear to cause a change in preload of conscious volunteers nor does it significantly alter their position in the Frank-Starling curve, even with longer fasting times than usually recommended. Transaortic VTI variation with the passive leg raise manoeuvre is the most robust dynamic index (of those studied) to evaluate preload responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients.
Resumo Introdução: O jejum no pré-operatório é há muito tempo considerado uma importante causa de depleção de líquidos, leva a instabilidade hemodinâmica durante a cirurgia, caso a reposição não seja prontamente instituída. Recentemente, esse ponto de vista tradicional tem sido progressivamente desafiado e um número crescente de autores agora propõe uma abordagem mais restritiva para o controle de líquidos, embora permaneçam dúvidas quanto à verdadeira influência hemodinâmica do jejum no pré-operatório. Métodos: Estudo observacional, analítico, prospectivo e longitudinal, no qual 31 voluntários ASA I e II foram submetidos a exame ecocardiográfico antes e após um período de jejum de no mínimo seis horas. Os dados dos índices de pré-carga tanto estáticos quanto dinâmicos foram obtidos em ambos os períodos e subsequentemente comparados. Resultados: Os índices estáticos de pré-carga mostraram um comportamento acentuadamente variável com o jejum. Os índices dinâmicos, entretanto, foram bem mais consistentes entre si, todos apontam na mesma direção; isto é, não evidenciam alteração estatisticamente significativa com o período de jejum. Analisamos também a confiabilidade dos índices dinâmicos para responder a alterações pré-carga intencionais conhecidas. A variação da integral de velocidade-temo (VTI) aórtica com a manobra de elevação passiva dos membros inferiores foi a única variável que mostrou sensibilidade suficiente para sinalizar de forma consistente a presença de variação na pré-carga. Conclusão: O jejum não pareceu causar uma alteração na pré-carga de voluntários conscientes nem alterou substancialmente a sua posição na curva de Frank-Starling, mesmo com tempos de jejum mais prolongados do que o normalmente recomendado. A variação do VTI transaórtico com a manobra de elevação passiva dos membros inferiores foi o índice dinâmico mais consistente (dos estudados) para avaliar a capacidade de resposta a variações da pré-carga em pacientes que respiram espontaneamente.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Preoperative Care/methods , Echocardiography , Fasting/psychology , Hemodynamics/physiology , Time Factors , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Longitudinal Studies , Fluid Therapy/methods , Middle AgedABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify pediatric caregivers' reactions in outpatient surgery settings. Methods: A quantitative descriptive/exploratory survey-based study involving application of a semi-structured questionnaire to 62 caregivers in two hospitals. Results: Most caregivers (88.7%) were mothers who submitted to preoperative fasting with their children. Nervousness, anxiety and concern were the most common feelings reported by caregivers on the day of the surgery. Conclusion: Medical instructions regarding preoperative procedures had significant positive impacts on patient care, and on patient and caregiver stress levels.
RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar as reações dos acompanhantes de crianças submetidas à cirurgia ambulatorial. Métodos: Estudo survey descritivo/ exploratório, de caráter quantitativo, realizado em dois hospitais com 62 acompanhantes que responderam um questionário semiestruturado. Resultados: Constatou-se que a maioria dos acompanhantes era formada por mães (88,7%) e permaneceu em jejum junto das crianças. Todos os acompanhantes referiram sentimentos identificados como nervosismo, ansiedade e preocupação. Conclusão: A orientação médica aos procedimentos pré-operatórios foi de grande importância, não somente para o cuidado da criança, mas também do acompanhante, visando diminuir ao máximo o estresse vivenciado por eles.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Anxiety/psychology , Preoperative Care/methods , Medical Chaperones/psychology , Ambulatory Surgical Procedures/psychology , Mothers/psychology , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Time Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Fasting/psychologyABSTRACT
Over one billion Muslims fast worldwide during the month of Ramadan. Fasting during Ramadan is a radical change in lifestyle for the period of a lunar month, and it might affect the biochemical parameters among diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ramadan fasting on the blood levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], and lipid profile among diabetic patients observing fast during the Ramadan. An observational study recruiting 1301 Muslim diabetic patients above 18 years age was conducted in diabetic outpatient clinic of Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, and Primary Health Care Center, Qatar, from July 2012 to September 2013. Data on sociodemographic characteristics [age, sex, nationality, marital status, education level, and occupation] and lifestyle habits [smoking and physical activity], blood pressures, and anthropometric measurements were obtained by a face-to-face interview and measurement using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for testing glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1C], lipid profile, urea, and creatinine [by the licensed research assistants]. Slightly less than half of the participants were overweight [BMI: 25-29.9]. Significantly higher proportion of female participants were obese as compared with male participants [P<0.001]. Among both male participants and female participants, the average level of blood glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, bilirubin, uric acid, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower during the Ramadan as compared with before Ramadan [P<0.001 each]. Results revealed that fasting during Ramadan is significantly associated with decrease in blood lipid profile, blood pressures, glucose, and HbA1C level among diabetic patients. Muslim diabetic patients after the consultation of their primary physician can fast during the month of Ramadan and it might be beneficial for their health